水体各组分吸收系数的测量方法研究

主要综述了水体水色组分吸收系数的测定方法.其中有色可溶性有机物采用0.22 μm聚碳酸酯滤膜过滤后的过滤清液在分光光度计上测定换算得到.总颗粒物吸收系数采用定量滤膜技术得到,并总结了文献中各种光程放大因子β的校正方法.综合分析了甲醇浸泡提取法、次氯酸钠漂白法和数值分离法区分浮游藻类、非藻类颗粒物吸收的原理、操作方法和优缺点.最后对水体组分光谱吸收的典型特征进行了讨论.     

SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE DETERMINATION OF PARTICULATE CARBON AND NITROGEN IN RIVER WATER1

The effect of storing samples prior to determination of particulate nitrogen and carbon concentrations were investigated. Freezing of water samples between collection and analysis has a substantial effect on the results obtained. Storage of samples at 5°C also affects the results, although the changes which occurred were generally less than for frozen samples. When the particulates were collected onto a filter immediately after sample collection and stored in that form until analysis only small changes in the results were observed. This suggests that samples for the determination of particulate nitrogen and carbon concentrations should be filtered immediately upon sample collection and the analysis performed as soon as possible.     

铅冶炼厂无组织排放源不同颗粒物中铅含量特征

使用TH 880-F型烟尘测试仪和低压颗粒物冲击仪(low pressure impactor,LPI)对云南某铅锌冶炼厂无组织排放区(1区和2区)烟气颗粒物进行分级采样,并分析各粒径段颗粒物中的铅元素粒径分布特征及含量情况.从铅在不同粒径颗粒物中的分布特征来看,无组织1区排放的细颗粒物(fine particulate matter,PM2.5,粒径小于2.5μm的颗粒)中的铅分别占可吸入颗粒物(particulate matter,PM10,粒径小于10μm的颗粒)和总悬浮物颗粒(total suspended particle,TSP,粒径小于100μm的颗粒)中的66.6%和43.1%,无组织2区相应占比分别为54.1%和38.7%,这表明无组织排放的铅污染物粒径以小粒径颗粒为主.无组织排放颗粒物中铅含量与地面气象资料中风向、风速密切相关,其次是风能密度.铅冶炼区无组织排放颗粒物中铅含量与边界层风向、风速的相关度最高,其次是风能密度w;而渣场无组织排放颗粒物中铅含量与边界层温度垂直分布γ的相关度最高,其次是u、v分量,然后为风能密度w.     

Street floods in Metro Manila and possible solutions

Urban floods from thunderstorms cause severe problems in Metro Manila due to road traffic. Using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)-derived topography, flood simulations and anecdotal reports, the root of surface flood problems in Metro Manila is identified. Majority of flood-prone areas are along the intersection of creeks and streets located in topographic lows. When creeks overflow or when rapidly accumulated street flood does not drain fast enough to the nearest stream channel, the intersecting road also gets flooded. Possible solutions include the elevation of roads or construction of well-designed drainage structures leading to the creeks. Proposed solutions to the flood problem of Metro Manila may avoid paralyzing traffic problems due to short-lived rain events, which according to Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) cost the Philippine economy 2.4 billion pesos/day.     

施用生物炭对土壤呼吸以及土壤有机碳组分的影响

为确定生物炭对土壤呼吸速率以及土壤碳组分的影响,采用田间小区试验,以苹果果树枝条生物炭为试验材料,研究了添加0、20、40、60、80 t/hm2的苹果果树枝条生物炭后,小麦生态系统呼吸（R_e）、土壤呼吸（R_s）、植物呼吸（R_p）、土壤TOC（总有机碳）、土壤POC（颗粒有机碳）、WSOC（土壤水溶性有机碳）和土壤AOC（易氧化有机碳）的变化以及各指标之间的相关性.结果表明,添加生物炭显著提高了小麦生态系统呼吸速率、土壤呼吸速率和植物呼吸速率,与对照相比分别增加了9.98%~27.57%、9.33%~19.47%和10.18%~30.14%,并且生物炭施用量为20和40 t/hm2时土壤呼吸速率显著高于其他两个处理,而对于小麦生态系统呼吸速率和植物呼吸速率来说,施用40 t/hm2生物炭时其值最高.对于土壤碳组分,施用生物炭显著提高了0~20 cm土层中土壤w（TOC）、w（POC）和w（AOC）,并且土壤w（TOC）和w（POC）与生物炭施用量呈极显著正相关.对于WSOC而言,当生物炭施用量高于40 t/hm2时其值显著降低,与对照相比,0~10、>10~20和>20~30 cm三个土层中w（WSOC）分别降低了21.82%~28.37%、35.88%~36.58%和32.28%~44.07%.研究显示,适量施用生物炭能够提高土壤w（TOC）、w（POC）和w（AOC）而降低了w（WSOC）,但同时也增加了小麦生态系统呼吸速率.      

Abnormal energy metabolism and tau phosphorylation in the brains of middle-aged mice in response to atmospheric PM2.5 exposure

In light of the accelerated aging of the global population and the deterioration of the atmosphere pollution, we sought to clarify the potential mechanisms by which fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) can cause cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration through the alteration of mitochondrial structure and function. The results indicate that PM_2.5 inhalation reduces ATP production by disrupting the aerobic tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, thereby causing the hypophosphorylation of tau in the cortices of middle-aged mice. Furthermore, excessive reactive oxygen species generation was involved in the impairment. Interestingly, these alterations were partially reversed after exposure to PM_2.5 ended. These findings clarify the mechanism involved in mitochondrial abnormality-related neuropathological dysfunction in response to atmospheric PM_2.5 inhalation and provide an optimistic sight for alleviating the adverse health outcomes in polluted areas.     

基于分形理论和形状特征的大气颗粒物研究

本研究对青岛市黄岛区的大气颗粒物进行了采集,通过CCD图像采集系统在显微镜下获得8种典型大气颗粒物的显微图像,运用差分盒维数法计算其分形维数以及图像处理技术计算其球形度等形状参数.进而研究了颗粒物分形维数与粗糙度的关系、分形维数的尺度不变性、以及分形维数和形状参数的相关性分析.研究发现不同颗粒图像的分形维数是不同的,可以运用分形维数结合长径比、庞大率等形状参数对大气颗粒物进行模式识别,为解析大气颗粒物的来源提供新的特征参数.     

梅雨期大学宿舍室内生物气溶胶浓度及粒径分布

大学宿舍室内生物气溶胶可通过空气传播,可能会危害学生身体健康.本研究调查了梅雨期大学宿舍室内生物气溶胶浓度和粒径分布特点,对其同空气颗粒物浓度、环境温度和湿度的Spearman相关性进行了研究,分析了学生活动对宿舍室内气溶胶的影响.结果表明,学生宿舍室内的细菌和真菌气溶胶平均浓度分别为(2 133±1 617)CFU·m~(-3)和(3 111±2 202)CFU·m~(-3),真菌气溶胶的浓度明显高于细菌.学生宿舍室内的PM1、PM_(2.5)、PM10与细菌气溶胶浓度呈负相关,与真菌气溶胶浓度呈显著负相关;PM_(2.5)与可吸入细菌气溶胶呈正相关,PM_(10)与可吸入真菌气溶胶呈正相关;环境温度与细菌和真菌气溶胶浓度呈正相关,环境相对湿度与细菌和真菌气溶胶浓度呈负相关.在下午,宿舍室内真菌气溶胶浓度显著增加,上午和下午生物气溶胶的粒径分布有差异.本研究结果将为评价高校学生宿舍室内空气质量提供基础数据.     

贵金属和助剂负载量对柴油公交车CDPF颗粒净化性能的影响

为研究CDPF(催化型颗粒捕集器)贵金属和助剂负载量对柴油公交车颗粒排放特性的影响,对一台满足国Ⅲ排放法规的柴油公交车进行改造,加装4种不同后处理装置,并进行道路实车排放试验.结果表明,CDPF贵金属负载量越高,排气颗粒数量浓度越低,在中高车速下尤为明显(60 km·h-1车速下贵金属负载量增加5 g·ft-3,颗粒排放总数降低70.8%).贵金属负载量对排放颗粒物中核态颗粒的影响大于聚集态颗粒.在保证对排气颗粒的净化效果的前提下,在CDPF中添加适量镧系助剂,可使贵金属和助剂负载量大幅降低.不同后处理方案对加速工况不敏感,净化效果差异较小,但减速工况,各方案对颗粒的净化效果差异较大.     

2016年北京市春节大气颗粒物污染特征激光雷达监测分析

基于激光雷达大气颗粒物消光系数实时数据以及PM_2.5和PM₁₀自动在线监测数据对北京市2016年春节期间（2月7~13日）大气污染进行系统分析.除夕夜间受燃放烟花爆竹影响,大气颗粒物浓度在短时间内急剧攀升,市中心的官园站PM_2.5浓度最大值达到639.3 μg·m^-3,9 h内增长了近30倍,城郊的琉璃河站及定陵站颗粒物最大小时浓度均超过1000 μg·m^-3,显著高于市中心的官园站.初三至初五存在持续的颗粒物高浓度污染且城郊的颗粒物浓度均高于市中心.激光雷达的监测结果表明,除夕燃放时段内3个站点105 m处的消光系数显著高于405 m,呈现出明显的鞭炮燃放排放污染特征.3个站点的垂直消光特性存在显著差异,大气清洁时1.0 km下定陵、车公庄及琉璃河的背景极值分别为0.09、0.20和0.19 km^-1,2月8日00：00的消光系数最大值分别为0.23、1.36和1.19 km^-1,为同时刻同高度背景值的2.6倍、6.8倍和6.0倍,燃放烟花爆竹使得颗粒物的消光系数短时间内急剧增大.